Main Street Capital Access Act

Requires federal financial regulators to tailor new regulations based on an institution's risk profile and business model to minimize costs and operational burdens.

Directs the Federal Reserve to raise the asset eligibility threshold under the Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement to $6 billion.

Establishes an independent office and board within the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council to conduct binding, de novo reviews of disputed supervisory determinations and prevents agencies from retaliating against appealing institutions.

Grants banks, credit unions, and affiliated individuals the option to challenge formal agency enforcement actions and civil money penalties in federal district court rather than before administrative agency tribunals.

Exempts bank and thrift mergers resulting in institutions with less than $10 billion in assets from federal banking agency antitrust reviews, provided the merger does not leave a metropolitan area with only one bank.

Imposes a 120-day statutory deadline for banking regulators to approve or deny bank merger applications, automatically granting approval if an agency fails to act within that timeframe.

Authorizes the FDIC to bypass the strict least-cost resolution requirement for a failing bank to prevent further asset concentration among global systemically important banks, provided certain cost and fee conditions are met.

Shortens certain regulatory review timelines for forming new community banks and makes those authorities permanent in 2031 unless banking regulators determine they harm bank safety and soundness.

Requires federal banking regulators to publish annual reports detailing the volume, approval times, and reasons for denial or withdrawal of bank and credit union charter and deposit insurance applications.

Requires the Secretary of the Treasury to testify annually before congressional banking committees regarding operations and certification streamlining at the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund.

Sets a $25 million minimum and $1 billion annual maximum for CDFI bond guarantees, adjusts program fees, extends program authorization through 2028, and directs Treasury to report on the program's effectiveness.

Allows community banks using the Community Bank Leverage Ratio to submit simplified, short-form condition reports during the first and third quarters of each year.

Directs federal banking agencies to submit a study to Congress on modernizing bank supervision and examination practices.

Requires federal banking regulators to adjust quantitative asset thresholds under the Dodd-Frank Act every five years for inflation or economic growth.

Requires the Federal Reserve to adjust various statutory banking thresholds every five years starting in 2031 based on GDP or inflation changes.

Directs banking regulators to update the CAMELS rating system by establishing objective, reviewable criteria focused on a financial institution's material solvency and risk profile.

Requires regulators to finish standard bank examinations within 270 days, hold an exit interview within 30 days of completion, and deliver a final examination report within 90 days.

Requires financial regulatory agencies to establish procedures to issue binding written regulatory guidance or non-objection letters to institutions within 60 days of a completed request.

Allows well-managed and well-capitalized banks and credit unions with $6 billion or less in assets to alternate between full-scope and limited-scope exams and to consolidate overlapping safety, compliance, and cybersecurity exams.

Requires bank regulators to minimize on-site staff and examination time and give advance notice of issues to institutions with less than $6 billion in assets.

Directs banking regulators to study whether eliminating reputational risk as a supervisory standard threatens safety and soundness, and requires them to remove it from supervisory materials if it does not.

Requires at least one appointed FDIC board member to have primary experience at an institution with under $17 billion in assets and limits FDIC board members to two terms or 12 years of total service.

Requires federal financial regulators to include a prominent disclosure on all guidance documents stating that the guidance lacks the force of law and is non-binding.

Shortens the mandatory interagency review cycle for outdated or burdensome financial regulations from ten years to eight years and requires agencies to analyze cumulative regulatory costs.

Directs the Federal Reserve to conduct an operational review and create an ongoing remediation plan to modernize and expand access to its discount window lending facilities.

Increases the cap on reciprocal deposits exempt from treatment as brokered deposits from approximately $96 billion to $250 billion and expands eligibility for newly insured and borderline-rated institutions.

Requires the Government Accountability Office and agency Inspectors General to conduct recurring audits of agency timelines and conditions used during bank merger reviews.

Requires federal banking agencies to study the use of shelf charters and expedited bidder qualifications to encourage non-traditional and private equity buyers to resolve failed banks.

Limits regulators' authority to waive statutory concentration caps during emergency bank rescues unless there are no qualified bids from buyers that fall below those caps.

Extends the minimum holding period generally permitted for merchant banking equity investments by financial holding companies to at least 15 years.

Directs federal banking agencies and the NCUA to study partnerships between depository institutions and financial technology firms.

Reduces the statutory cap on the Federal Reserve's surplus capital fund by $425 million, effective September 1, 2036.